You are zakatable only on the net amount of money you collect if you withdraw your investment at the day of calculating zakat
Zakat vary between cash (or cash equivalent) or stocks (stocks have fixes assets that can be deducted)
Zakat also vary between pre-tax accounts and post-tax accounts. Pre-tax accounts are invested before tax like most retirement accounts. Therefor, early withdrawal penalty and tax have to be deducted first
Types of investments assets
Cash, money market account, or CDs: money market accounts and CDs are haram due to interest but if you have them you must pay zakat on the principle (interest must be disposed off to charity)
Investment in stocks or stock funds (mutual fund or ETF): stocks are shares in publicly traded companies. Those companies have fixed assets (building, equipment,...) which are not zakatable and working capital/inventory which are zakatable. Calculating each for every stock is difficult and impractical. Estimates vary but a conservative acceptable one is 15%
Investment in bonds/sukuk: Bonds are haram. However, if you have them, you must pay zakt on the principle (interest must be disposed off to charity). Sukuk are different and they are zakatable.
Investment in options, futures, or derivatives: almost all are haram. However, if you have them, you must pay zakat on the principle (interest must be disposed off to charity)
Investment/share in a business or partnership: calculate zakat on the entire business (see Business Zakat article) and divide that according to your share of ownership.
Types of investment accounts
Investment accounts: individual, joint, trust, minor/custodian, estate and business accounts
Retirement accounts: IRA, Roth IRA, SEP IRA, SIMPLE IRA, 401k, 457, 403(a), 403(b), deferred annuity, and pensions
Other accounts that can be zakatable if accessible are deferred compensation plans and stock option plans
Educations accounts (529 or ESA) and Health saving accounts (HSA) are zakatable
Most retirement accounts are subject to penalty (10% in US) if withdrawn before a certain age (59 1/2 in US). Examples are IRAs, 401k, 403, annuities and pensions. Educational accounts are also subject to a 10% penalty if withdrawn for reasons other than education. HSA is subject to a 20% penalty if withdrawn for reasons other than health. There might be a 10% penalty on Roth IRA if withdrawn before 5 years.
Most retirement accounts are also subject to income tax upon withdrawal Example IRAs except Roth, 401k, 457, 403, and pensions.
If your pension is a defined plan and has no cashable value then no zakat due. If your pension has a cash balance then it is zakatable
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